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Objective To explore the effect of high sn-2 palmitate infant formula (HPIF) on stool frequency and consistency,fatty acids,calcium and magnesium contents in infants.Methods A prospective,double-blind,randomized,controlled clinical study was conducted including 94 healthy mature infants of single birth and appropriate for gestational age,born from June 2013 to December 2014.All eligible infants were enrolled within 21 days after birth.All the infant formula fed subjects were divided randomly into two groups as standard infant formula (IF) group and high sn-2 palmitate infant formula (HPIF) group.Breast-fed infants were enrolled as control group (BF group).All infants were followed up until 90 days old.The growth indexes and defecation status of the three groups were monitored dynamically.Meanwhile,stool fatty acid profile and mineral contents were also detected.Results There was no significant difference in head circumference,body length and body weight among the three groups at enrollment,42 days and 90 days old.The stool frequency and mushy stool frequency of HPIF and IF groups were significantly lower than that of BF group at 42 days and 90 days old;formed stool frequency was higher in HPIF and IF groups than in BF group.The fecal palmitic acid level in dry feces was significantly higher in HPIF and IF groups than in BF group [(31.1 ± 9.8),(30.9± 10.7) vs.(10.8± 8.8) mg/g] at 42 days old.At 90 days old,the fecal palmitic acid level in dry feces was significantly lower in HPIF group than in IF group [(24.3± 9.8) vs.(29.9± 7.9) mg/mg],while was significantly higher in both infant formula fed groups than in BF group [(8.9± 8.4) mg/g].The fecal calcium level in dry feces of HPIF and IF groups were significantly higher than that of BF group [(38.3± 14.0),(38.8± 15.5) vs.(21.3± 13.7) mg/g] at 42 days old.At 90 days old,the fecal calcium level in dry feces of HPIF group was significantly lower than that of IF group [(31.1 11.2) vs.(45.9 ± 16.5) mg/g,dry stool] and significantly higher than that of BF group [(21.5 ± 9.9) mg/g].The fecal magnesium level was similar between HPIF and IF groups,and significantly higher than that of BF group at 42 days and 90 days old.The fecal calcium level was positively correlated with the content of fecal palmitic acid among three groups (r =0.43,P＜ 0.01).Conclusions Breast milk is the best food for infants.Compared with standard infant formula,feeding with high sn-2 palmitate infant formula can reduce the fecal excretion of calcium and palmitic acid,making it closer to the level of breast-fed infants.
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Objective To determine alkylglycerol (AKG) contents and variation in breast-milk of lactating women. Methods Five cases of healthy lactating women with term delivery were selected from June 2011 to June 2012. Breast-milk samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks postpartum. Breast milk samples were extracted, saponificated and derivatized. AKGs composition in breast-milk was quantitatively analyzed by GC chromatography. Results Mean 16C:0 AKG content in breast-milk decreased from(17.31 ± 3.59)× 10-3g/L to(11.14 ± 1.83)× 10-3g/L. Mean 18C:0 AKG content de-creased from(14.95±6.00)×10-3g/L to(9.68±2.51)×10-3g/L. Mean 18C:1 AKG content fluctuated between(4.64±0.91)×10-3g/L and(3.95±0.68)×10-3g/L. Conclusions 16C:0, 18C:0 and 18C:1 AKG contents exist in Chinese breast-milk through determina-tion by GC chromatography, and the concentrations vary among different stages of lactation.
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Objective Since there are significant variation of the dietary structure recent years in China,it is necessary to re-investigate the fatty acid composition of human breast milk for the presentation of the latest data of fatty acid composition in China. Methods Using a gas chromatography GC-2010,the composition of fatty acids was detected in the human colostrums and the mature breast milk(consecutively from postnatal day 1 to day 7 and from postnatal day 42)obtained from 62 healthy postpartum women in Shanghai and Chongqing,two big cities of China,from Jan to July,2008. Results The level of total fatty acid(TFA)tended to increase significantly from the colostrums to the mature breast milk. No significant difference in the level of TFA was found between two cities. The significantly higher monounsaturates(MUFA)level(44.06% vs. 33.85%,P ＜ 0.01)and lower linoleic acid(LA,C18 : 2n-6)level(18.43% vs. 27.62%,P ＜ 0.01)of the mature breast milk were observed in Chongqing women compared with those in Shanghai women. The docosahexenoic acid(DHA)level of the mature breast milk in Shanghai women was significantly higher than that in Chongqing women(0.41% vs. 0.29%,P ＜ 0.01). There was no significant difference in the level of arachidonic acid(AA,C20 : 4n-6)between two cities. Conclusions The fatty acid composition in human breast milk tends to vary with the extension of the lactation. There is significant difference in the fatty acid compositions in human breast milk between Shanghai and Chongqing owing to different dietary habits in the different regions of China.
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Glycomacropeptide(GMP) is a polypeptide fragment derived from κ-casein after rennin treatment.At present,the structures of GMP in human beings,cows and goats have been established.The sialic acid structure contained in the polypeptide chain of GMP is very important for the exertion of the biological function.GMP has many biological functions,such as anti-infection,regulating immunity,anti-inflammation,nourishing and maintaining health,and so on.As a new-type bio-functional protein,it will be more and more widely used in the areas of medicine and foodstuff.
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Objective To verify the relationship between transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in breast milk and allergic diseases development in infants. Methods Totally 191 mothers (99 allergics and 92 controls) and their full-term newborns participated in this prospective study on development of children atopy. Maternal blood, cord blood, colostrum and mature milk were assayed for TGF-β1 and IL-10 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infants underwent pediatrician evaluation for allergic diseases at six months old. Concentrations of TGF-β1 and IL-10 from allergic and non-allergic mothers and prevalence of allergic diseases of infants were compared. Results The level of IgE in allergic mothers was 30 750 IU/L(6600-410000 IU/L),lower than that in non-allergic mothers[50000 IU/L(7100-610000 IU/L)](Z=-3. 444,P=0. 001).No difference in the concentration of TGF-β1, IL-10 and IgE in mature milk was observed between allergic and non-allergic mothers. TGF-β1, IL-10 and IgE levels in colostrum of allergic mothers were 2300 pg/ml(620-7000 pg/ml), 12. 8 pg/ml(7.5-560.0 pg/ml)and 7000 IU/L(5100-56000 IU/L),significantly higher than those in non-allergic mothers[1830 pg/ml(1240-9400 pg/ml), 11. 1 pg/ml (7. 2-630.0 pg/ml)and 6700 IU/L(5200-35000 IU/L)] (Z=-2. 215, -2. 730 and -2. 706,P＜0.05).In both allergic and non-allergic mothers, TGF-β1 and IL-10 levels in cord blood were higher than those in maternal blood, while IgE was lower. TGF-βl and IL-10 and IgE levels in colostrum were higher than mature milk(P＜0.05). At six months old, the prevalence of allergic diseases of infants from allergic mothers(59. 6%, 59/99) was significantly higher than those from non-allergic mothers (21. 7%, 20/92)(x2= 28. 177, P= 0. 000). The prevalence of allergic diseases of infants who completed two weeks' colostrum-fed after birth (44.5 %, 73/164) was significantly higher than those who did not (22.2%,6/27)(x2 =4. 749,P-=0. 029). Conclusions High concentration of TGF-βl and IL-10 in colostrum does not show any protective effect against allergic diseases in infants. The prevalence of allergic diseases of colostrum-fed infants is significantly higher than non colostrum-fed infants, showing that colostrum-fed might play a role in allergic diseases development.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of memantine, a non-competitive antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, against hypoxic ischemia (HI) by exploring its regulation on the expression and synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene in neonatal rat models with cerebral HI.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Memantine was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 20 mg/kg in neonatal rat models either before (PRE group) or after (POST group) induction of HI. The expression and synthesis of the HSP70 gene and its corresponding product were determined by rapid competitive PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was an increase in the expression of HSP70 mRNA two hours after induction of HI, which reached its peak at 48 hours, then decreased gradually. The same expression occurred at relatively low levels in the control group. Also, HSP70 synthesis was detected as early as 2h after HI, reached its peak between 48 and 72 hours, then declined over time. After memantine administration, the expression of the gene and its synthesis of the corresponding product decreased significantly during the time intervals 24 - 72 h for the gene and 48 - 72 h for the product compared to the HI group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It was shown that HI is very sensitive to the expression of the HSP70 gene and synthesis of its corresponding product, which could be regulated by memantine. The latter may have the ability to reduce brain damage; thus decreased HSP70 mRNA expression could be a marker for HI. It is suggested that memantine can be a promising agent for neuroprotection against HI, although an overall and objective assessment of memantine is required to see if it can be used on neonates clinically later on.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Rats , Gene Expression Regulation , HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins , Genetics , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain , Drug Therapy , Metabolism , Memantine , Pharmacology , Neuroprotective Agents , Pharmacology , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the regulatory effects of bombesin on the gastrointestinal morphology and proliferation of mucosa cells in neonatal rabbits. Methods Twenty four neonatal rabbits were divided into big,small dose experimental group and control group. The gastrointestinal morphology in neonatal rabbits was observed by using Video Image Digtal Analysis System and electron microscopy, and the proliferative rate of gastrointestinal epithelium cells was detected by using immunohistochemical assay. Results The villous height of duodenum were (520?76),(513?31),(379?44) ?m in three groups respectively. That in experimental group with big or small dose were significantly higher than that in control group( P
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Objective In order to know the fatty acid content of breast milk in different regions of China. Methods The fatty acid composition of breast milk from 109 lactating women in three regions was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. Twenty-seven milk samples were obtained from Shanghai urban, 15 samples from Shanghai suburb(Chongming county) and 67 samples from Zhoushan island of Zhejiang province. Results The contents of linoleic acid(LA) and ?-linolenic acid(LNA) in the mature breast milk from Shanghai urban women were (29?6)% and (2.8?0.7)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that from Shanghai suburb women[LA, (20?3)% and LNA,(2.7?0.8)%] and Zhoushan island women[(20?3)% and (2.5? 0.6)%], whereasthe DHA content of the breast milk from Zhoushan women was (0.61?0.21)%, which was significantly higher than that from Shanghai urban women[(0.51?0.25)%, P
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Objective: To investigate the effects of NO on cholestasis caused by TPN. Methods: 24 newborn rabbits were divided into 3 groups: control group, TPN for 1week group and TPN for 2weeks group. After 7 or 14 days, serum liver function test was determined using automatic biochemical analyzer, NO levels in serum and liver, liver NOS activity and iNOSmRNA expression were determined respectively by the Griess method, spectrophotometric analysis and in situ hybridization. Results: After having received TPN administration for 7 or 14 days, the NO levels of serum and liver, liver NOS activity and iNOSmRNA expression increased significantly than those in control group(P
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Serum vitamin E was determined using bathopllenanthroline by microspe-ctrophotometric method. The average recovery rate was 93.8 (92.2-98.0) per cent and the coefficients of variation were 2.5 and 7 per cent in high and low levels respectively. This method seems to be quite reliable and sensitive. Of the total 117 serum samples, 30 pairs matched blood for mother and cord, 27 cord blood, and 30 normal adults as control were studied. The mean level of vitamin E in the cord blood was 2.8 ug/ml (?0.9SD), which was about one third of that in the adult. The level of vitamin E in post-partum mother was 12 ?g/ml (?2.5 SD), which was significantly higher than that of nonpregnant women (p